Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women in India, second only to breast cancer. In fact, the country reports 1.2 lakh new cases of cervical cancer every year. According to data from the World Cancer Observatory, cervical cancer was the ninth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Closer to home, it is the third most common type of cancer, detected in both sexes.
While the number of cases detected in urban areas has declined – largely due to rapid diagnostics – rural areas of the country continue to experience high mortality rates, due to inadequate health infrastructure. From vaccinations to early treatment to general awareness, we talk to experts about everything you need to know about this disease.
What is cervical cancer?
It is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus connected to the vagina. It is primarily caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. Although cervical cancer can be life-threatening, it is highly preventable and treatable when detected early.
Causes and symptoms
Any woman with a cervix is at risk, but this risk is often compounded by factors such as persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, a weakened immune system, smoking, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners and a history of sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, women who do not undergo regular screenings are generally at higher risk.
It’s important to note that early-stage cervical cancer often has no symptoms, making screening crucial. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or after menopause), unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or pain during sex. Advanced cases may cause leg swelling, fatigue, or difficulty urinating.
How often should you get tested?
The frequency of screenings depends on the person’s age and medical history. Women ages 21 to 29 should have a Pap test (a procedure that involves taking cells from the cervix to test for various conditions) every three years.
For people over 30, it is important to opt for a co-test – a combination of a Pap test and an HPV test – every five years. Women over 65 with a history of normal results can discontinue screening after consulting their healthcare professional.
Does this affect men?
Yes, men can be affected by HPV, as it can cause genital warts and even penile and throat cancers. The HPV vaccine is therefore effective in reducing these risks and is recommended for boys and men following the same dosage schedule as women.
All about the vaccine
The vaccine protects against the most common strains of HPV that cause cancer. It is recommended for preteens, typically ages 11 to 12, but can be given as young as nine years old. Vaccination is also recommended for men and women up to 26 years of age and, in some cases, adults up to 45 years of age.
Vaccinating boys helps reduce risk, while contributing to herd immunity, because it indirectly protects women from cervical cancer.
Entries of Dr. Amit UpadhyaySenior Consultant Hematologist and Oncologist, PSRI Hospital New Delhi, Arpan Talwarfounder of Purobest, a brand owned by Innov Healthcare Private Limited, Dr Nancy NagpalGynecologist, Salubritas Medcentre
Nutrition is the word
There is evidence to suggest that certain nutraceuticals (a supplement or food product for medical purposes) may help prevent HPV-related carcinogenesis. In other words, we can reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer through nutrition.
Foods rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for people with HPV and those with suspicious Pap tests. “Nutraceuticals with antioxidant properties can help reduce oxidative stress and DNA damage, which are key factors in carcinogenesis. By providing immune support, certain foods can fight the virus and reduce chronic inflammation,” says Dr Mandeep Singh Malhotra, director of the oncology department at CK Birla Hospital.
Fertility Concerns
Options such as egg freezing and embryo banking before treatment can be reassuring for women with cervical cancer, who may be worried about their fertility.
Dr Vaishali Sharma, IVF Specialist, VS Healthcare
